Protein synthesis essay

Protein synthesis essay

Protein Synthesis Essay Words | 3 Pages. Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis is the process whereby DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) codes for the production of essential proteins, such as enzymes and hormones. Proteins are long chains of molecules called amino acids Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis is the process whereby DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) codes for the production of essential proteins, such as enzymes and hormones. Proteins are long chains of molecules called amino acids. Different proteins are made by using different sequences and varying numbers of amino acids Protein synthesis is defined as “The creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA, and various enzymes.” The synthesis of proteins takes two steps: transcription and translation. Transcription takes the information that is coded in DNA and codes it into mRNA, which heads out of the cell’s nucleus and into the cytoplasm

Protein Synthesis Essay - Words | Bartleby

The process of Protein Synthesis involves many parts of the cell. Unlike other similar productions, this process is very complex and precise and therefore must be done in proper sequence to work effectively. The slightest error during this process could cause the action to experience difficulty or even fail. For example, in the production of starch, glucose molecules are combined to be stored and eventually utilized as usable chemical energy.

The cell can break down the starch with little difficulty as if each molecule was identical, protein synthesis essay, even though there is a wide variety of molecules. This is a different case in Protein Synthesis, protein synthesis essay. In Protein Synthesis, there are twenty different amino acids and if one is out of place than is will effect the specificity of the protein.

In a healthy person, the protein hemoglobin can be found in red blood cells, hemoglobin is helps with the transfer of respiratory gases from the blood to the tissues of the body. With an illness called sickle-cell anemia, the red blood cells are changed from a round, disk shape to a floppy looking sickle shape. These cells therefore cannot pass through small blood vessels due to their divergent shape. The actual cause of this mutation is a gene disorder, where the sixth codon of the protein glutamaric acid is changed with valine.

This small change in the genetic code can cause severe defects in the effected such as blood clots, protein synthesis essay, severe disorders and even death.

All this can result from a misinterpretation in one codon in a chain of hundreds! Protein synthesis acts in this way, that is if there is only the most minuscule mistake it can have monstrous effects.

Protein synthesis first begins in a gene. A gene is a section of chromosome compound of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. Each DNA strand is composed of phosphate, the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose and nitrogenous bases or nucleotides. There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA. They are A denine, G uanine, T hymine, C ytosine and they must be paired very specifically.

Only Adenine with Thymine A-T and Guanine with Cytosine G-C. The nitrogenous bases are held together with weak hydrogen bonds. The protein synthesis essay string runs the opposite.

The two strands of the structure cannot be identical but they are complimentary. There is no restrictions on the placement and sequence of the protein synthesis essay, which becomes important in storage of information. Genetic information would be rendered useless if the stored information did not have a way of reaching the desired focal area. Since protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and the DNA must remain in the nucleus, a way protein synthesis essay transporting the code is essential.

This protein synthesis essay in the form of messenger ribonucleic acid or m-RNA. Since the information on the DNA must stay the same on the m-RNA, the two have to be very similar. There are three major differences between RNA and DNA. RNA is only a single strand. Since RNA is produced from DNA, the nucleotides of RNA can hold the same information as protein synthesis essay nucleotides of DNA because the code for amino acids is centered around the RNA structure.

The process in which m-RNA is synthesized is called transcription. This process is similar to DNA replication in the way that for transcription to occur, the double helix DNA must be unwound as in DNA replication FIG 2. The major difference between transcription and replication is that in transcription only one of the strands is used as a template and only one m-RNA strand is produced. Transcription can be broken up into three parts in order to be understood. These steps are: i initiation, ii elongation and iii termination.

Initiation of transcription is how protein synthesis essay transcription begins. The enzyme responsible for m-RNA synthesis is called RNA polymerase 2. The RNA polymerase knows where to begin transcription because it is coded into the DNA, protein synthesis essay. Elongation of transcription represents how the process happens.

Notice that uracil replaces thymine. Termination protein synthesis essay transcription represents how the process stops. Transcription is stopped by certain sequences coded into the DNA template. These sequences are called terminators. At the terminator sequence, RNA polymerase 2 stops or pauses, causing the transcription to be completed and the m-RNA to be released. DNA can replicate prior to mitotic division, protein synthesis essay.

This process is called semiconservative, meaning that each daughter duplex contains one parental and a complimentary replicated chain. For DNA to replicate, it must first be unwound. This is done by an enzyme called helicase; using ATP as an energy source. The helicase helps this in process by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.

While unwinding, the strands can become tangled and knotted. This problem is solved by an enzyme called gyrase which can make transient breaks in the strand relieving tension and then rejoins the ends.

DNA replication occurs in a partially unwound are where some of the duplex region is still present, known as the replication fork. For DNA synthesis, protein synthesis essay, all four nucleotides must be present. The existing DNA strands serve as templates which dictate the nucleotide sequence of the new strand. DNA has the capacity to determine the sequences of specific proteins. The proteins are composed of amino acids; of which there are twenty types. Each gene has its own amount and series of codons, protein synthesis essay, depending on the protein.

There are sixty-four codons each having its own meaning. The only codon that has a double meaning is AUG. This codon symbolizes the amino acid metheonine and also signals where the polypeptide synthesis should start, protein synthesis essay. Translation is the process where the amino acid sequence is derived from m-RNA. To understand translation, protein synthesis essay, one must first understand transfer RNA, t-RNA FIG.

The function of t-RNA is to serve as a transporter for amino acids and an intermediate between m-RNA codons and their corresponding amino acids. Transfer RNA have anticodons which make them correspond to the codons of m-RNA. These t-RNA, that is with the help of an enzyme called aminoacyl t-RNA synthetase, carry the proper amino acids to the proper position in protein synthesis essay m-RNA chain.

When an amino acid is bonded to a t-RNA molecule, ATP supplies the energy. When an amino acid is bonded to another amino acid by a peptide bond, the ATP supplies the energy.

The final component of the translation process is the ribosome. Each sub-unit contains ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein. There are three m-RNA codons that cause translation termination. Instead, they are recognized by proteins as release factors. These release factors cause the release of the polypeptide chain from its t-RNA and the ribosome, protein synthesis essay. With the release of the chain, the ribosome leaves the m-RNA, protein synthesis essay.

The ribosomal sub-units are then ready to repeat the process for another m-RNA. See FIG 6 for complete description. Mutations can occur either in body cells or reproductive germinal cells, protein synthesis essay.

Only diseases of germinal cells can be passed through generations. Mutations can alter a single gene point point mutations or can effect and change the structure of many chromosomes chromosomal mutations.

Mutations are not always bad because they can cause adaptation and variation in people. The most common type of mutation involves a change in only a single base pair. This change only effects a single codon of the gene, protein synthesis essay.

There are three types of base pair mutations: silent, missense, and chain termination. Silent mutations involves the repositioning of the third codon. This does not effect the amino acid sequence. Missense mutation is where one codon is altered to code for a different amino acid sickle cell anemia. Chain termination mutations involve the codon being changes to a stop codon. This causes the protein synthesis to remain incomplete and lose most of the biological activity.

This is the addition or deletion of one or more base pair but not multiples of three. This causes the ribosome to read the codon incorrectly causing and entirely different amino acid sequence. Mutagens are agents that increase the frequency of mutations. X-rays or other radiation are causes of mutagens.

Discuss the Importance of Csf Proteins Including Protein synthesis essay Important Recent Developments1 Interview with Jennifer Wong This essay was protein synthesis essay by a fellow student. You may use it as a guide or sample for writing your own paper, but remember to cite it correctly. Protein Synthesis. Accessed October 7, protein synthesis essay How Organelles Work Together to Make and Secrete the Protein Insulin, protein synthesis essay.

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How Does Polypeptide Occur In Protein Synthesis - Words | Bartleby

Protein Synthesis Essay Words | 3 Pages. Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis is the process whereby DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) codes for the production of essential proteins, such as enzymes and hormones. Proteins are long chains of molecules called amino acids  · In Protein Synthesis, there are twenty different amino acids and if one is out of place than is will effect the specificity of the protein. In a healthy person, the protein hemoglobin can be found in red blood cells, hemoglobin is helps with the transfer of respiratory gases from the blood to the tissues of the blogger.comted Reading Time: 9 mins Protein synthesis is the process whereby DNA encodes for the production of amino acids and proteins. It is a very complex and precise process and as proteins make up over half of the dry mass of a cell, it is a vital process to the maintenance, growth and development of the cell